I. Selelekela
Li-phospholipid ke sehlopha sa lipids tse leng likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lera la sele 'me li na le sebopeho se ikhethang se nang le hlooho e hydrophilic le mehatla e hydrophobic. Sebopeho sa amphipathic sa li-phospholipids se li lumella ho theha li-lipid bilayer, e leng motheo oa lera la sele. Li-phospholipids li entsoe ka mokokotlo oa glycerol, liketane tse peli tsa mafura a acid, le sehlopha sa phosphate, ka lihlopha tse fapaneng tse hoketsoeng ho phosphate. Sebopeho sena se fa li-phospholipids bokhoni ba ho ipokella ka bobona ho ba li-lipid bilayer le li-vesicles, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa botšepehi le ts'ebetso ea li-membrane tsa baeloji.
Li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa liindastering tse fapaneng ka lebaka la thepa ea tsona e ikhethang, ho kenyeletsoa le ho kopanya, ho qhibiliha le litlamorao tsa ho tsitsisa. Indastering ea lijo, li-phospholipid li sebelisoa e le li-emulsifier le li-stabilizer lijong tse sebetsitsoeng, hammoho le metsoako ea phepo e nepahetseng ka lebaka la melemo ea tsona ea bophelo bo botle. Litlolong, li-phospholipid li sebelisoa bakeng sa thepa ea tsona ea ho kopanya le ho nolofatsa, le bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa phano ea metsoako e sebetsang lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo le tsa tlhokomelo ea botho. Ho feta moo, li-phospholipid li na le ts'ebeliso ea bohlokoa meriana, haholo-holo litsamaisong tsa phano ea lithethefatsi le tlhahiso, ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho koahela le ho isa meriana libakeng tse itseng 'meleng.
II. Karolo ea Phospholipids Lijong
A. Thepa ea ho kopanya le ho tsitsisa
Li-phospholipid li sebetsa e le li-emulsifier tsa bohlokoa indastering ea lijo ka lebaka la tlhaho ea tsona ea ho kopana le metsi le oli. Sena se li lumella ho sebelisana le metsi le oli, e leng se etsang hore li atlehe ho tsitsisa li-emulsion, joalo ka mayonnaise, li-dressing tsa salate le lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lebese. Hlooho e hydrophilic ea molek'hule ea phospholipid e hoheloa ke metsi, ha mehatla e hydrophilic e haneloa ke eona, e leng se fellang ka ho thehoa ha khokahano e tsitsitseng pakeng tsa oli le metsi. Thepa ena e thusa ho thibela karohano le ho boloka kabo e ts'oanang ea metsoako lihlahisoa tsa lijo.
B. Tšebeliso ts'ebetsong le tlhahisong ea lijo
Li-phospholipid li sebelisoa ts'ebetsong ea lijo ka lebaka la litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa ts'ebetso, ho kenyeletsoa bokhoni ba tsona ba ho fetola sebopeho, ho ntlafatsa viscosity, le ho fana ka botsitso lihlahisoa tsa lijo. Hangata li sebelisoa tlhahisong ea lintho tse besitsoeng, confectionery le lihlahisoa tsa lebese ho ntlafatsa boleng le bophelo ba lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela. Ho feta moo, li-phospholipid li sebelisoa e le lintho tse thibelang ho khomarela ts'ebetsong ea nama, likhoho le lihlahisoa tsa leoatleng.
C. Melemo ea bophelo bo botle le ts'ebeliso ea phepo e nepahetseng
Li-phospholipid li kenya letsoho boleng ba phepo ea lijo e le metsoako ea tlhaho ea mehloli e mengata ea lijo, joalo ka mahe, linaoa tsa soya le lihlahisoa tsa lebese. Li tsejoa ka melemo ea tsona ea bophelo bo botle, ho kenyeletsoa karolo ea tsona sebopehong le ts'ebetsong ea sele, hammoho le bokhoni ba tsona ba ho tšehetsa bophelo bo botle ba boko le ts'ebetso ea kelello. Li-phospholipid li boetse li batlisisoa ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho ntlafatsa metabolism ea mafura le bophelo bo botle ba pelo le methapo.
III. Ts'ebeliso ea Li-phospholipids ho Litlolo
A. Litlamorao tsa ho kopanya le ho nolofatsa letlalo
Li-phospholipid li sebelisoa haholo litlolong le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea botho bakeng sa litlamorao tsa tsona tsa ho kopanya le ho kolobisa letlalo. Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea tsona ea ho kopanya le ho hema, li-phospholipid li khona ho etsa li-emulsion tse tsitsitseng, tse lumellang metsoako e thehiloeng metsing le oli ho kopana, e leng se fellang ka litlolo le litlolo tse nang le sebopeho se boreleli, se tšoanang. Ho phaella moo, sebopeho se ikhethang sa li-phospholipid se li nolofalletsa ho etsisa mokoallo oa tlhaho oa mafura letlalong, ho kolobisa letlalo ka katleho le ho thibela tahlehelo ea metsi, e leng se molemo bakeng sa ho boloka metsi a letlalo le ho thibela ho oma.
Li-phospholipid tse kang lecithin li 'nile tsa sebelisoa e le li-emulsifier le li-moisturizer lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa litlolo le tlhokomelo ea letlalo, ho kenyeletsoa le litlolo tse tlotsang letlalo, litlolo tse tlotsang letlalo, li-serum le li-sunscreen. Bokhoni ba tsona ba ho ntlafatsa sebopeho, maikutlo le thepa ea ho nolofatsa letlalo ea lihlahisoa tsena bo li etsa metsoako ea bohlokoa indastering ea litlolo.
B. Ho ntlafatsa kabo ea metsoako e sebetsang
Li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng phepelo ea metsoako e sebetsang mefuteng ea litlolo le tlhokomelo ea letlalo. Bokhoni ba tsona ba ho theha liposome, li-vesicle tse entsoeng ka li-bilayer tsa phospholipid, bo lumella ho kenngoa le ho sireletsoa ha metsoako e sebetsang, joalo ka livithamine, li-antioxidants le metsoako e meng e molemo. Ho kenngoa hona ho thusa ho ntlafatsa botsitso, ho fumaneha ha 'mele, le ho tlisoa ha metsoako ena e sebetsang letlalong ka sepheo se tobileng, ho ntlafatsa katleho ea eona lihlahisoa tsa litlolo le tlhokomelo ea letlalo.
Ho feta moo, litsamaiso tsa ho fana tse thehiloeng ho phospholipid li sebelisitsoe ho hlola liphephetso tsa ho fana ka metsoako e sebetsang e sa hlokeng hydrophobic le hydrophilic, e leng se etsang hore e be bajari ba mefuta e fapaneng bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea litlolo. Mefuta ea liposomal e nang le phospholipids e sebelisitsoe haholo lihlahisoa tse thibelang botsofali, tse nolofatsang letlalo le tse lokisang letlalo, moo li ka fanang ka metsoako e sebetsang ka katleho ho letlalo le reriloeng.
C. Karolo ea lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo le tsa tlhokomelo ea botho
Li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhokomelong ea letlalo le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea botho, li tlatsetsa ts'ebetsong ea tsona le katlehong ea tsona. Ntle le thepa ea tsona ea ho kopanya, ho nolofatsa le ho ntlafatsa phano, li-phospholipid li boetse li fana ka melemo e kang ho lokisa letlalo, tšireletso le tokiso. Limolek'hule tsena tse feto-fetohang li ka thusa ho ntlafatsa boiphihlelo ba kutlo ka kakaretso le ts'ebetso ea lihlahisoa tsa litlolo, e leng se etsang hore e be metsoako e tsebahalang mefuteng ea tlhokomelo ea letlalo.
Ho kenyelletsoa ha phospholipids lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo le tsa tlhokomelo ea botho ho fetela ka nģ'ane ho li-moisturizer le li-cream, kaha li boetse li sebelisoa ho li-cleaners, li-sunscreen, li-makeup removers le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea moriri. Tlhaho ea tsona ea mesebetsi e mengata e li lumella ho sebetsana le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo le moriri, ho fana ka melemo ea botle le ea phekolo ho bareki.
IV. Tšebeliso ea Li-phospholipids Merianeng
A. Phano le tlhahiso ea meriana
Li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetisetseng le ho etseng meriana ka lebaka la tlhaho ea tsona ea ho amphiphilia, e leng se li lumellang ho theha li-bilayer tsa lipid le li-vesicle tse khonang ho koahela meriana e sa qhibiliheng metsing le e sa qhibiliheng metsing. Thepa ena e nolofalletsa li-phospholipid ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha, botsitso le ho fumaneha ha meriana e sa qhibiliheng hantle, ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba eona ba tšebeliso ea kalafo. Mekhoa ea ho fana ka meriana e thehiloeng ho Phospholipid e ka boela ea sireletsa meriana ho senyeha, ea laola kinetics ea tokollo, 'me ea lebisa lisele kapa lisele tse itseng, e leng se tlatsetsang katlehong e eketsehileng ea meriana le litla-morao tse fokotsehileng.
Bokhoni ba li-phospholipid ba ho theha meaho e ipokellang, joalo ka liposome le micelles, bo sebelisitsoe haholo ntlafatsong ea mefuta e fapaneng ea meriana, ho kenyeletsoa le mefuta ea tekanyo ea molomo, ea parenteral le ea letlalo. Mefuta e thehiloeng ho lipid, joalo ka li-emulsion, li-nanoparticles tse tiileng tsa lipid, le litsamaiso tsa ho fana ka meriana tse ipokellang, hangata li kenyelletsa li-phospholipid ho hlola liphephetso tse amanang le ho qhibiliha ha meriana le ho monya, qetellong li ntlafatsa liphello tsa kalafo tsa lihlahisoa tsa meriana.
B. Mekhoa ea ho fana ka meriana ea liposomal
Mekhoa ea ho fana ka meriana ea liposomal ke mohlala o hlahelletseng oa kamoo li-phospholipid li sebelisoang kateng lits'ebetsong tsa meriana. Li-liposome, tse entsoeng ka li-bilayer tsa phospholipid, li na le bokhoni ba ho kenya lithethefatsi ka har'a metsoako ea tsona ea metsi kapa li-bilayer tsa lipid, li fana ka tikoloho e sireletsang le ho laola ho lokolloa ha meriana. Mekhoa ena ea ho fana ka meriana e ka etsoa ho ntlafatsa ho fana ka meriana ea mefuta e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa meriana ea chemotherapeutic, lithibela-mafu le liente, e fanang ka melemo e kang nako e telele ea ho potoloha ha mali, ho fokotsa chefo, le ho ntlafatsa ho shebana ha lisele kapa lisele tse itseng.
Ho tenyetseha ha liposome ho dumella ho fetolwa ha boholo ba tsona, tjhaja le thepa ya tsona ya bokahodimo ho ntlafatsa mojaro wa dithethefatsi, botsitso le kabo ya dinama. Ho tenyetseha hona ho lebisitse ntshetsopeleng ya diforomo tsa liposomal tse amohetsweng ke bongaka bakeng sa ditshebediso tse fapaneng tsa kalafo, ho totobatsa bohlokwa ba phospholipids ho ntshetseng pele mahlale a ho fana ka dithethefatsi.
C. Litšebeliso tse ka bang teng lipatlisisong tsa bongaka le kalafong
Li-phospholipid li na le monyetla oa ho sebelisoa lipatlisisong tsa bongaka le kalafong ka nģ'ane ho litsamaiso tse tloaelehileng tsa ho fana ka meriana. Bokhoni ba tsona ba ho sebelisana le lera la sele le ho fetola lits'ebetso tsa sele bo fana ka menyetla ea ho nts'etsapele maano a macha a kalafo. Li-formulations tse thehiloeng ho phospholipid li 'nile tsa fuputsoa ka bokhoni ba tsona ba ho shebana le litsela tsa ka hare ho sele, ho fetola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea li-agent tse fapaneng tsa kalafo, ho fana ka maikutlo a lits'ebetso tse pharaletseng libakeng tse kang phekolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, meriana ea ho ikatisa, le kalafo ea kankere e reretsoeng.
Ho feta moo, di-phospholipid di hlahlobilwe ka lebaka la karolo ya tsona ho ntshetseng pele tokiso le tsosoloso ya dinama, di bontsha bokgoni ba ho fodisa maqeba, boenjiniere ba dinama, le meriana ya tsosoloso. Bokgoni ba tsona ba ho etsisa lera la tlhaho la sele le ho sebelisana le ditsamaiso tsa baeloji bo etsa hore di-phospholipid e be tsela e tshepisang ya ho ntshetsa pele dipatlisiso tsa bongaka le mekgwa ya kalafo.
V. Liphephetso le Litaelo tsa Nakong e Tlang
A. Mehopolo ea taolo le matšoenyeho a polokeho
Tšebeliso ea li-phospholipid lijong, litlolong le meriana e hlahisa lintlha tse fapaneng tsa taolo le matšoenyeho a polokeho. Indastering ea lijo, li-phospholipid li sebelisoa hangata e le li-emulsifier, li-stabilizer le litsamaiso tsa phepelo bakeng sa metsoako e sebetsang. Mekhatlo ea taolo, joalo ka Food and Drug Administration (FDA) United States le European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Europe, e okamela polokeho le ho ngoloa ha lihlahisoa tsa lijo tse nang le li-phospholipid. Liteko tsa polokeho lia hlokahala ho netefatsa hore li-additives tsa lijo tse thehiloeng ho phospholipid li bolokehile bakeng sa ho jeoa 'me li latela melaoana e behiloeng.
Indastering ea litlolo, li-phospholipid li sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo, tlhokomelo ea moriri le tlhokomelo ea botho bakeng sa thepa ea tsona e khathollang, e nolofatsang letlalo le e ntlafatsang litšitiso tsa letlalo. Mekhatlo ea taolo, joalo ka European Union's Cosmetics Regulation le US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), e beha leihlo polokeho le ho ngoloa ha mabitso a lihlahisoa tsa litlolo tse nang le li-phospholipid ho netefatsa tšireletso ea bareki. Liteko tsa polokeho le lithuto tsa chefo li etsoa ho lekola boemo ba polokeho ba metsoako ea litlolo e thehiloeng ho phospholipid.
Lefapheng la meriana, lintlha tsa polokeho le taolo tsa phospholipids li kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea tsona lits'ebetsong tsa ho fana ka meriana, liforomo tsa liposomal, le lintho tse thusang meriana. Balaoli ba taolo, joalo ka FDA le European Medicines Agency (EMA), ba hlahloba polokeho, katleho le boleng ba lihlahisoa tsa meriana tse nang le phospholipids ka lits'ebetso tse thata tsa tlhahlobo ea pele ho kliniki le ea kliniki. Matšoenyeho a polokeho a amanang le phospholipids merianang a shebana haholo le chefo e ka bang teng, ho itšireletsa mafung, le ho lumellana le lintho tsa meriana.
B. Mekhoa e mecha le boqapi
Tšebeliso ea li-phospholipid lijong, litlolong le meriana e ntse e hlahella le nts'etsopele e ncha. Indastering ea lijo, tšebeliso ea li-phospholipid e le li-emulsifier tsa tlhaho le li-stabilizer e ntse e hola, e susumetsoa ke tlhoko e ntseng e hola ea leibole e hloekileng le metsoako ea lijo tsa tlhaho. Mahlale a macha, joalo ka li-nanoemulsion tse tsitsitseng ke li-phospholipid, a ntse a hlahlojoa ho ntlafatsa ho qhibiliha le ho fumaneha ha metsoako ea lijo e sebetsang, joalo ka metsoako e sebetsang le livithamine.
Indastering ea litlolo, tšebeliso ea li-phospholipids mefuteng e tsoetseng pele ea tlhokomelo ea letlalo ke mokhoa o hlahelletseng, o shebaneng le litsamaiso tsa ho fana ka lipid bakeng sa metsoako e sebetsang le tokiso ea lithibelo tsa letlalo. Mekhoa e kenyelletsang li-nanocarriers tse thehiloeng ho phospholipid, tse kang liposomes le li-nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), li ntšetsa pele katleho le ho fana ka lihlahisoa tse reretsoeng ho etsa litlolo, li kenya letsoho ho boqapi ba ho thibela botsofali, tšireletso ea letsatsi le lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo tse ikhethileng.
Ka hara lefapha la meriana, mekhoa e hlahellang ea ho fana ka meriana e thehiloeng ho phospholipid e kenyelletsa meriana e ikhethileng, mekhoa ea phekolo e reretsoeng, le litsamaiso tsa ho fana ka meriana e kopantsoeng. Bajari ba tsoetseng pele ba thehiloeng ho lipid, ho kenyeletsoa le li-nanoparticles tsa hybrid lipid-polymer le li-conjugates tsa lithethefatsi tse thehiloeng ho lipid, ba ntse ba ntlafatsoa ho ntlafatsa ho fana ka mekhoa e mecha ea phekolo le e seng e ntse e le teng, ho sebetsana le liphephetso tse amanang le ho qhibiliha ha meriana, botsitso le ho shebana le sebaka se itseng.
C. Monyetla oa tšebelisano-'moho ea indasteri e fapaneng le menyetla ea nts'etsopele
Ho tenyetseha ha li-phospholipid ho fana ka menyetla ea tšebelisano-'moho ea indasteri e fapaneng le nts'etsopele ea lihlahisoa tse ncha moo lijo, litlolo le meriana li kopanang teng. Tšebelisano-'moho ea indasteri e fapaneng e ka nolofatsa phapanyetsano ea tsebo, mahlale le mekhoa e metle e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea li-phospholipid ho pholletsa le makala a fapaneng. Mohlala, boiphihlelo ba litsamaiso tsa phepelo tse thehiloeng ho lipid ho tsoa indastering ea meriana bo ka sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa moralo le ts'ebetso ea metsoako e sebetsang e thehiloeng ho lipid lijong le litlolong.
Ho feta moo, ho kopana ha lijo, litlolo le meriana ho lebisa ntshetsopeleng ya dihlahiswa tse sebetsang ka bongata tse sebetsanang le ditlhoko tsa bophelo bo botle, boiketlo le botle. Mohlala, di-nutraceuticals le di-cosmeceuticals tse kenyeletsang di-phospholipids di ntse di hlaha ka lebaka la tshebedisano mmoho ya diindasteri tse fapaneng, tse fanang ka ditharollo tse ntjha tse kgothaletsang melemo ya bophelo bo botle ba ka hare le ba kantle. Tshebedisano-mmoho ena e boetse e hlahisa menyetla ya maano a dipatlisiso le ntshetsopele a reretsweng ho hlahloba tshebedisano-mmoho e ka bang teng le ditshebediso tse ntjha tsa di-phospholipids mefuteng ya dihlahiswa tse sebetsang ka bongata.
VI. Qetello
A. Kakaretso ea ho tenyetseha le bohlokoa ba phospholipids
Li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa indastering e fapaneng, li fana ka mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso makaleng a lijo, litlolo le meriana. Sebopeho sa tsona se ikhethang sa lik'hemik'hale, se kenyeletsang libaka tse ratang metsi le tse sa rateng metsi, se li nolofalletsa ho sebetsa e le li-emulsifier, li-stabilizer le litsamaiso tsa phepelo bakeng sa metsoako e sebetsang. Indastering ea lijo, li-phospholipid li kenya letsoho botsitsong le sebopehong sa lijo tse sebetsitsoeng, ha li-cosmetics, li fana ka thepa e nolofatsang, e kokobetsang le e ntlafatsang lithibelo lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea letlalo. Ho feta moo, indasteri ea meriana e sebelisa li-phospholipid litsamaisong tsa phepelo ea lithethefatsi, liforomong tsa liposomal, le e le lintho tse thusang meriana ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona ba ho ntlafatsa ho fumaneha ha 'mele le ho shebana le libaka tse itseng tsa ts'ebetso.
B. Litlamorao bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang le lits'ebetso tsa indasteri
Ha dipatlisiso lefapheng la di-phospholipid di ntse di tswela pele, ho na le ditlamorao tse mmalwa bakeng sa dithuto tsa nakong e tlang le ditshebediso tsa diindasteri. Taba ya pele, dipatlisiso tse ding mabapi le polokeho, katleho, le tshebedisano-mmoho e ka bang teng pakeng tsa di-phospholipid le metswako e meng di ka bula tsela bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya dihlahiswa tse ntjha tse sebetsang ka bongata tse kgotsofatsang ditlhoko tse ntseng di fetoha tsa bareki. Ho feta moo, ho hlahloba tshebediso ya di-phospholipid dipulomeng tse ntseng di hlaha tsa theknoloji tse kang nanoemulsions, di-nanocarrier tse thehilweng ho lipid, le di-nanoparticles tsa lipid-polymer tse kopantsweng ho na le tshepiso ya ho ntlafatsa ho fumaneha ha di-bioavailability le ho fana ka di-bioactive tse rerilweng dijong, ditlolong le meriana. Diphuputso tsena di ka lebisa ho thehweng ha dihlahiswa tse ntjha tse fanang ka tshebetso e ntlafetseng le katleho.
Ho ya ka pono ya diindasteri, bohlokwa ba di-phospholipid ditshebedisong tse fapaneng bo totobatsa bohlokwa ba boqapi bo tswelang pele le tshebedisano mmoho ka hare le ho pholletsa le diindasteri. Ka tlhoko e ntseng e hola ya metsoako ya tlhaho le e sebetsang, kopanyo ya di-phospholipid dijong, ditlolong le meriana e fana ka monyetla bakeng sa dikhamphani ho ntshetsa pele dihlahiswa tsa boleng bo hodimo, tse tsitsitseng tse tsamaellanang le dikgethollo tsa bareki. Ho feta moo, ditshebediso tsa diindasteri tsa nakong e tlang tsa di-phospholipid di ka kenyeletsa tshebedisano mmoho ya mafapha a fapaneng, moo tsebo le mahlale a tswang diindastering tsa dijo, ditlolong le meriana a ka fapanyetsanwang ho theha dihlahiswa tse ntjha, tse sebetsang ka bongata tse fanang ka melemo ya bophelo bo botle le botle ka botlalo.
Qetellong, ho tenyetseha ha li-phospholipid le bohlokoa ba tsona lijong, litlolong le meriana ho li etsa likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lihlahisoa tse ngata. Bokhoni ba tsona ba lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang le lits'ebetso tsa indasteri bo bula tsela bakeng sa tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele metsoakong e mengata e sebetsang le mekhoa e mecha, e leng se bopang ponahalo ea 'maraka oa lefats'e ho pholletsa le liindasteri tse fapaneng.
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Nako ea poso: Tshitwe-27-2023
