I. Selelekela
Li-phospholipid ke sehlopha sa mafura a bohlokoa a lera la sele. Sebopeho sa tsona se ikhethang, se nang le hlooho e ratang metsi le mehatla e 'meli e sa rateng metsi, se lumella li-phospholipid ho etsa sebopeho sa likarolo tse peli, se sebetsang e le mokoallo o arolang lintho tse ka hare tsa sele le tikoloho e ka ntle. Karolo ena ea sebopeho e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka botšepehi le ts'ebetso ea lisele linthong tsohle tse phelang.
Ho fetisa melaetsa le puisano ka sele ke ditshebetso tsa bohlokwa tse thusang disele ho sebelisana le tikoloho ya tsona, ho dumella dikarabelo tse hokahaneng ho di-stimuli tse fapaneng. Disele di ka laola kgolo, ntshetsopele, le mesebetsi e mengata ya mmele ka ditshebetso tsena. Ditsela tsa ho fetisa melaetsa ka sele di kenyelletsa phetiso ya matshwao, jwalo ka dihormone kapa di-neurotransmitters, tse bonwang ke di-receptor tse lera la sele, di baka letoto la diketsahalo tse qetellang di lebisa karabelong e itseng ya sele.
Ho utloisisa karolo ea li-phospholipid ho tsamaiseng lisele le puisanong ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho senola mathata a hore na lisele li buisana joang le ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea tsona. Kutloisiso ena e na le litlamorao tse kholo mafapheng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa baeloji ea sele, thuto ea meriana, le nts'etsopele ea mekhoa ea phekolo e reretsoeng mafu le mathata a mangata. Ka ho hlahloba tšebelisano e rarahaneng pakeng tsa li-phospholipid le tsamaiseng lisele, re ka fumana temohisiso mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa motheo tse laolang boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea sele.
II. Sebopeho sa Phospholipids
A. Tlhaloso ea Sebopeho sa Phospholipid:
Li-phospholipid ke limolek'hule tse phelang metsing a mangata, ho bolelang hore li na le libaka tse ratang metsi (tse hohelang metsi) le tse ratang metsi a mangata (tse lelekang metsi). Sebopeho sa motheo sa phospholipid se na le molek'hule ea glycerol e tlamiloeng ke liketane tse peli tsa asiti e mafura le sehlopha sa hlooho se nang le phosphate. Mehatla e ratang metsi a mangata, e entsoeng ka liketane tsa asiti e mafura, e etsa bokahare ba lipid bilayer, ha lihlopha tsa hlooho tse ratang metsi a mangata li sebelisana le metsi holim'a bokaholimo ba ka hare le ba ka ntle ba lera. Tokisetso ena e ikhethang e lumella li-phospholipid ho ipokella ka boeona ho ba bilayer, ka mehatla e ratang metsi a mangata e shebileng ka hare 'me lihlooho tse ratang metsi a mangata li shebile libaka tse metsi ka hare le ka ntle ho sele.
B. Karolo ea Phospholipid Bilayer ka har'a Lera la Sele:
Sekoahelo sa phospholipid ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho sa lera la sele, e fanang ka mokoallo o ka kenang hanyane o laolang phallo ea lintho tse kenang le tse tsoang ka har'a sele. Ho kenella hona ho khethollang ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka tikoloho ea ka hare ea sele 'me ho bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse kang ho monya limatlafatsi, ho tlosa litšila le tšireletso khahlanong le lintho tse kotsi. Ntle le karolo ea eona ea sebopeho, sekoahelo sa phospholipid le sona se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsamaiseng lipontšo le puisanong ea sele.
Mohlala oa mosaic o phallang oa lera la sele, o hlahisitsoeng ke Singer le Nicolson ka 1972, o totobatsa tlhaho e matla le e sa tšoaneng ea lera, ka li-phospholipid tse tsamaeang kamehla le liprotheine tse fapaneng tse hasaneng ho pholletsa le lipid bilayer. Sebopeho sena se matla ke sa bohlokoa ho nolofatseng lipontšo tsa sele le puisano. Li-receptor, likanale tsa ion, le liprotheine tse ling tsa lipontšo li kentsoe ka har'a phospholipid bilayer 'me li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lemoha matšoao a kantle le ho a fetisetsa kahare ho sele.
Ho feta moo, thepa ea 'mele ea li-phospholipid, joalo ka ho phalla ha tsona le bokhoni ba ho theha li-lipid raft, li susumetsa tlhophiso le ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tsa lera tse amehang ho tsamaiseng lisele. Boitšoaro bo matla ba li-phospholipid bo ama sebaka le ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tsa ho tsamaiseng lisele, ka hona bo ama ho hlaka le katleho ea litsela tsa ho tsamaiseng lisele.
Ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa phospholipids le sebopeho le mosebetsi oa lera la sele ho na le litlamorao tse tebileng bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa baeloji, ho kenyeletsoa le homeostasis ea sele, nts'etsopele le lefu. Ho kopanngoa ha baeloji ea phospholipid le lipatlisiso tsa lipontšo tsa sele ho tsoela pele ho senola temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le mathata a puisano ea sele 'me ho na le tšepiso ea nts'etsopele ea maano a macha a kalafo.
III. Karolo ea Li-phospholipid ho Matšoao a Sele
A. Li-phospholipid e le limolek'hule tse bontšang
Li-phospholipid, e le likarolo tse hlahelletseng tsa lera la sele, li hlahile e le limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa tsa lipontšo puisanong ea sele. Lihlopha tsa hlooho tse phelang metsing tsa li-phospholipid, haholo-holo tse nang le li-phosphate tsa inositol, li sebetsa e le manģosa a bobeli a bohlokoa litseleng tse fapaneng tsa lipontšo. Mohlala, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) e sebetsa e le molek'hule ea lipontšo ka ho aroloa ho inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG) ho arabela lintho tse susumetsang kantle ho sele. Limolek'hule tsena tsa lipontšo tse tsoang ho lipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng maemo a calcium ka hare ho sele le ho kenya tšebetsong protheine kinase C, ka hona li fetola lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa sele ho kenyeletsoa ho ata ha sele, phapang le ho falla.
Ho feta moo, di-phospholipid tse kang phosphatidic acid (PA) le lysophospholipids di se di tsejwa e le dimolek'hule tse bontshang tse susumetsang ka ho toba dikarabelo tsa sele ka ho sebedisana le dipheo tse itseng tsa protheine. Mohlala, PA e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng wa bohlokwa kgolong le ho ata ha sele ka ho kenya tshebetsong diprotheine tse bontshang, ha lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) e ameha taolong ya matla a cytoskeletal, ho phela ha sele le ho falla. Mesebetsi ena e fapaneng ya di-phospholipid e totobatsa bohlokwa ba yona ho hlophiseng di-cascade tse rarahaneng tsa ho bontsha ka hara disele.
B. Ho Kenyelletsoa ha Phospholipids Mekhoeng ea Phetisetso ea Matšoao
Ho ameha ha li-phospholipid litseleng tsa phetisetso ea matšoao ho bontšoa ke karolo ea tsona ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse tlamiloeng ka lera, haholo-holo li-receptor tse kopantsoeng ke protheine ea G (GPCRs). Ha ligand e tlamahana le GPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC) e kenngoa tšebetsong, e leng se lebisang ho hydrolysis ea PIP2 le tlhahiso ea IP3 le DAG. IP3 e baka ho lokolloa ha calcium mabenkeleng a ka hare ho sele, ha DAG e kenya tšebetsong protein kinase C, qetellong e fella ka taolo ea tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, kholo ea sele le phetisetso ea synaptic.
Ho feta moo, phosphoinositides, sehlopha sa phospholipids, se sebetsa e le libaka tsa ho emisa bakeng sa liprotheine tsa lipontšo tse amehang litseleng tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le tse laolang khoebo ea lera le matla a actin cytoskeleton. Tšebelisano e matla pakeng tsa phosphoinositides le liprotheine tsa tsona tse sebelisanang e kenya letsoho taolong ea sebaka le ea nako ea liketsahalo tsa lipontšo, ka hona e bopa likarabo tsa sele ho li-stimuli tse tsoang kantle ho naha.
Ho ameha ha li-phospholipid ka mahlakore a mangata litseleng tsa ho fetisa matšoao a sele le ho a fetisetsa ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba tsona e le balaoli ba bohlokoa ba homeostasis ea sele le mosebetsi oa eona.
IV. Phospholipids le Puisano ea ka Hare ho Sele
A. Li-phospholipid ho Matšoao a ka Hare ho Sele
Phospholipids, sehlopha sa lipids tse nang le sehlopha sa phosphate, di phetha karolo ya bohlokwa ho tsamaiseng ha disele, di hlophisa ditshebetso tse fapaneng tsa sele ka ho kenella ha tsona ho tsamaiseng ha disele. Mohlala o mong o hlahelletseng ke phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phospholipid e fumanehang ka hara lera la plasma. Ha e arabela ditlamorao tse tswang kantle ho sele, PIP2 e arolwa ho inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG) ke enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). IP3 e baka ho lokollwa ha calcium mabenkeleng a ka hare ho sele, ha DAG e kenya tshebetsong protein kinase C, qetellong e laola mesebetsi e fapaneng ya sele jwalo ka ho ata ha sele, phapang, le ho hlophiswa botjha ha cytoskeletal.
Ho phaella moo, di-phospholipid tse ding, ho kenyeletswa le phosphatidic acid (PA) le lysophospholipids, di hlwailwe e le tsa bohlokwa ho tshwaetsong ya ka hare ho sele. PA e thusa taolong ya kgolo le ho ata ha sele ka ho sebetsa e le activator ya diprotheine tse fapaneng tsa tshwaetso. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) e hlwailwe ka ho kenya letsoho ha yona ho feto-fetoheng ha ho phela ha sele, ho falla le matla a cytoskeletal. Diphuputso tsena di totobatsa mesebetsi e fapaneng le ya bohlokwa ya di-phospholipid e le dimolek'hule tsa tshwaetso ka hara sele.
B. Tšebelisano ea Phospholipids le Liprotheine le Li-Receptors
Li-phospholipid li boetse li sebelisana le liprotheine tse fapaneng le li-receptor ho fetola litsela tsa lipontšo tsa sele. Haholo-holo, li-phosphoinositide, sehlopha se senyenyane sa li-phospholipid, li sebetsa e le liforomo tsa ho bokella le ho kenya tšebetsong liprotheine tsa lipontšo. Mohlala, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) e sebetsa e le molaoli oa bohlokoa oa kholo le ho ata ha sele ka ho bokella liprotheine tse nang le libaka tsa pleckstrin homology (PH) ho lera la plasma, ka hona li qala liketsahalo tsa lipontšo tse theohelang. Ho feta moo, kamano e matla ea li-phospholipid le liprotheine tsa lipontšo le li-receptor e lumella taolo e nepahetseng ea sebaka sa liketsahalo tsa lipontšo ka har'a sele.
Likamano tse ngata tsa phospholipids le liprotheine le li-receptor li totobatsa karolo ea tsona ea bohlokoa ho feto-fetoheng ha litsela tsa lipontšo tsa ka hare ho sele, qetellong li kenya letsoho taolong ea mesebetsi ea sele.
V. Taolo ea Phospholipids ho Matšoao a Sele
A. Li-enzyme le Litsela tse Amehang ho Metabolism ea Phospholipid
Li-phospholipid li laoloa ka matla ka marang-rang a rarahaneng a li-enzyme le litsela, li susumetsa bongata ba tsona le ts'ebetso ea tsona ho lumelloeng ha lisele. Tsela e 'ngoe e joalo e kenyelletsa ho kopanngoa le ho fetoha ha phosphatidylinositol (PI) le li-derivatives tsa eona tse nang le phosphorylated, tse tsejoang e le phosphoinositides. Li-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases le phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases ke li-enzyme tse susumetsang phosphorylation ea PI maemong a D4 le D5, tse hlahisang phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) le phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), ka ho latellana. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-phosphatase, tse kang phosphatase le tensin homolog (PTEN), li-dephosphorylate phosphoinositides, li laola maemo a tsona le tšusumetso ho lumelloeng ha lisele.
Ho feta moo, tlhahiso e ncha ea li-phospholipid, haholo-holo phosphatidic acid (PA), e tsamaisoa ke li-enzyme tse kang phospholipase D le diacylglycerol kinase, ha ho senyeha ha tsona ho susumetsoa ke li-phospholipase, ho kenyeletsoa le phospholipase A2 le phospholipase C. Mesebetsi ena ea li-enzyme e laola maemo a li-lipid mediator tse sebetsang ka botlalo, e ama lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa ho supa lisele le ho kenya letsoho tlhokomelong ea homeostasis ea sele.
B. Tšusumetso ea Taolo ea Phospholipid Mekhoeng ea ho Bontša Matšoao a Sele
Taolo ea li-phospholipid e na le litlamorao tse tebileng lits'ebetsong tsa lipontšo tsa sele ka ho fetola mesebetsi ea limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa tsa lipontšo le litsela. Mohlala, phetoho ea PIP2 ke phospholipase C e hlahisa inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG), e leng se lebisang ho lokolloeng ha calcium ka hare ho sele le ho kengoa tšebetsong ha protheine kinase C, ka ho latellana. Mokoloko ona oa lipontšo o susumetsa likarabo tsa sele tse kang phetisetso ea methapo ea kutlo, ho honyela ha mesifa le ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa 'mele.
Ho feta moo, diphetoho maemong a phosphoinositides di ama ho kgethwa le ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha diprotheine tse sebetsang tse nang le dikarolo tse tlamang lipid, e leng se amang ditshebetso tse kang endocytosis, di-cytoskeletal dynamics, le ho falla ha disele. Ho feta moo, taolo ya maemo a PA ka phospholipases le phosphatases e susumetsa kgwebo ya lera, kgolo ya disele le ditsela tsa ho bontsha lipid.
Tšebelisano pakeng tsa metabolism ea phospholipid le ho supa lisele e totobatsa bohlokoa ba taolo ea phospholipid ho bolokeng ts'ebetso ea sele le ho arabela linthong tse susumetsang kantle ho sele.
VI. Qetello
A. Kakaretso ea Mesebetsi ea Bohlokoa ea Li-phospholipid ho Tšupiso ea Sele le Puisano
Ka bokhutšoanyane, li-phospholipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng lits'ebetso tsa lipontšo tsa sele le puisano ka har'a litsamaiso tsa baeloji. Mefuta-futa ea tsona ea sebopeho le ts'ebetso e li nolofalletsa ho sebetsa e le balaoli ba nang le mekhoa e mengata ba likarabo tsa sele, ka mesebetsi ea bohlokoa e kenyeletsang:
Mokhatlo oa Lera:
Li-phospholipid li theha motheo oa meaho ea lera la sele, li theha moralo oa sebopeho bakeng sa karohano ea likarolo tsa sele le sebaka sa liprotheine tsa lipontšo. Bokhoni ba tsona ba ho hlahisa li-microdomain tsa lipid, tse kang li-lipid raft, bo susumetsa tlhophiso ea sebaka sa li-complex tsa lipontšo le likamano tsa tsona, e leng se amang ho hlaka ha lipontšo le katleho.
Phetiso ea Letšoao:
Li-phospholipid li sebetsa e le babuelli ba bohlokoa phetisong ea matšoao a kantle ho sele ho ea likarabelong tsa ka hare ho sele. Li-phosphoinositide li sebetsa e le limolek'hule tsa lipontšo, li fetola mesebetsi ea liprotheine tse fapaneng tse sebetsang, ha li-fatty acid tse lokolohileng le li-lysophospholipid li sebetsa e le baromuoa ba bobeli, li susumetsa ts'ebetso ea li-cascade tsa lipontšo le tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Ho Fetola Matšoao a Sele:
Li-phospholipid li kenya letsoho taolong ea litsela tse fapaneng tsa lipontšo, li laola lits'ebetso tse kang ho ata ha lisele, ho fapana ha tsona, ho apoptosis le likarabo tsa 'mele oa ho itšireletsa mafung. Ho kenella ha tsona tlhahisong ea li-lipid mediator tse sebetsang ka bioactive, ho kenyeletsoa li-eicosanoid le li-sphingolipid, ho bontša tšusumetso ea tsona marang-rang a lipontšo tsa ho ruruha, metabolism le apoptotic.
Puisano e Kopanetsoeng Lisele:
Li-phospholipid li boetse li kenya letsoho puisanong ea lisele ka ho lokolloa ha li-lipid mediator, tse kang li-prostaglandin le li-leukotriene, tse fetolang mesebetsi ea lisele le lisele tse haufi, li laola ho ruruha, kutloisiso ea bohloko le ts'ebetso ea methapo ea mali.
Menehelo e mengata ea li-phospholipid ho lipontšo tsa sele le puisano e totobatsa bohlokoa ba tsona ho bolokeng homeostasis ea sele le ho hokahanya likarabelo tsa 'mele.
B. Litaelo tsa Nakong e Tlang tsa Lipatlisiso ka Phospholipids ho Matšoao a Sele
Ha mesebetsi e rarahaneng ea li-phospholipids ho lumelloeng ha lisele e ntse e tsoela pele ho senoloa, ho hlaha litsela tse 'maloa tse thabisang tsa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang, ho kenyeletsoa:
Mekhoa ea ho Sebelisa Mekhoa e Kopaneng ea Lithuto Tse Fapaneng:
Ho kopanngoa ha mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea tlhahlobo, joalo ka lipidomics, le baeloji ea limolek'hule le ea sele ho tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea matla a sebaka le a nako a phospholipids lits'ebetsong tsa lipontšo. Ho hlahloba puisano pakeng tsa metabolism ea lipid, khoebo ea lera le lipontšo tsa sele ho tla senola mekhoa e mecha ea taolo le lipheo tsa kalafo.
Maikutlo a Baeloji ea Litsamaiso:
Ho sebelisa mekhoa ea baeloji ea litsamaiso, ho kenyeletsoa le ho etsa mohlala oa lipalo le tlhahlobo ea marang-rang, ho tla nolofalletsa ho hlakisa tšusumetso ea lefats'e ea li-phospholipid marang-rang a lipontšo tsa sele. Ho etsa mohlala oa likamano lipakeng tsa li-phospholipid, li-enzyme, le li-effector tsa lipontšo ho tla hlakisa litšobotsi tse hlahellang le mekhoa ea ho fana ka maikutlo e laolang taolo ea tsela ea lipontšo.
Litlamorao tsa Kalafo:
Ho batlisisa ka ho se laolehe ha phospholipids mafung, a kang mofetše, mathata a methapo ea kutlo le mathata a metabolism, ho fana ka monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele mekhoa ea phekolo e reretsoeng. Ho utloisisa karolo ea phospholipids tsoelo-peleng ea lefu le ho khetholla maano a macha a ho fetola mesebetsi ea bona ho fana ka tšepiso bakeng sa mekhoa e nepahetseng ea bongaka.
Qetellong, tsebo e ntseng e hola ea li-phospholipid le ho kenella ha tsona ho rarahaneng lipontšong tsa sele le puisanong ho hlahisa moeli o khahlisang oa lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea phetolelo mafapheng a fapaneng a lipatlisiso tsa bongaka.
Litšupiso:
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Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: lipids tse nyane tse nang le tshusumetso e kgolo taolong ya sele. Ditlhahlobo tsa Fisioloji, 93(3), 1019-1137.
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Nako ea poso: Tshitwe-29-2023
