I. Selelekela
Phospholipids ke sehlopha sa lipids tseo e leng likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lera la sele. Sebopeho sa bona se ikhethang, se nang le hlooho ea hydrophilic le mehatla e 'meli ea hydrophobic, e lumella phospholipids hore e thehe sebopeho sa bilayer, se sebetsang e le mokoallo o arolang likarolo tse ka hare tsa sele ho tloha tikolohong e ka ntle. Karolo ena ea sebopeho e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka botšepehi le tšebetso ea lisele linthong tsohle tse phelang.
Letšoao la lisele le puisano ke mekhoa ea bohlokoa e nolofalletsang lisele ho sebelisana le tikoloho ea tsona, e leng se lumellang hore ho be le likarabo tse hokahaneng ho susumetsang tse fapa-fapaneng. Lisele li ka laola kholo, nts'etsopele, le mesebetsi e mengata ea 'mele ka mekhoa ena. Litsela tsa matšoao a lisele li kenyelletsa phetiso ea matšoao, joalo ka lihomone kapa li-neurotransmitters, tse bonoang ke li-receptor tse ka har'a lera la sele, e leng se bakang letoto la liketsahalo tse qetellang li lebisa ho karabelo e itseng ea cellular.
Ho utloisisa karolo ea phospholipids pontsong ea lisele le puisanong ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho manolla mathata a tsela eo lisele li buisanang le ho hokahanya mesebetsi ea tsona. Kutloisiso ena e na le litlamorao tse kholo mafapheng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa biology ea lisele, pharmacology, le nts'etsopele ea liphekolo tse lebisitsoeng bakeng sa mafu le mathata a mangata. Ka ho kenella ka har'a tšebelisano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa phospholipids le matšoao a lisele, re ka fumana leseli mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tse laolang boitšoaro le ts'ebetso ea lisele.
II. Sebopeho sa Phospholipids
A. Tlhaloso ea Sebopeho sa Phospholipid:
Phospholipids ke limolek'hule tsa amphipathic, ho bolelang hore li na le libaka tse peli tsa hydrophilic (tse khahlang metsi) le hydrophobic (tse thibelang metsi). Sebopeho sa motheo sa phospholipid se na le molek'hule ea glycerol e kopantsoeng le liketane tse peli tsa mafura a mafura le sehlopha sa hlooho se nang le phosphate. Mehatla ea hydrophobic, e entsoeng ka liketane tsa mafura a mafura, e etsa bokahare ba lipid bilayer, ha lihlopha tsa lihlooho tsa hydrophilic li kopana le metsi ka mahlakoreng a ka hare le a ka ntle a lera. Tokisetso ena e ikhethang e lumella li-phospholipids hore li iketsetse ka har'a bilayer, ka mehatla ea hydrophobic e lebisitsoe ka hare le lihlooho tsa hydrophilic tse shebaneng le libaka tse nang le metsi ka hare le ka ntle ho sele.
B. Karolo ea Phospholipid Bilayer ka Cell Membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho sa lera la sele, e fanang ka thibelo e ke keng ea qojoa e laolang ho phalla ha lintho ho kena le ho tsoa ka seleng. Khetho ena ea ho kenella ka hare ho sele e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka tikoloho ea ka hare ea sele 'me e bohlokoa bakeng sa mekhoa e kang ho kenngoa ha limatlafatsi, ho felisa litšila, le tšireletso khahlanong le lintho tse kotsi. Ntle le karolo ea eona ea sebopeho, phospholipid bilayer e boetse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho bonts'a lisele le puisano.
Mohlala oa mokelikeli oa mosaic oa lera la sele, o hlahisitsoeng ke Singer le Nicolson ka 1972, o totobatsa sebopeho se matla le se fapaneng sa lera, ka phospholipids e lulang e ntse e tsamaea le liprotheine tse fapaneng tse hasaneng hohle lipid bilayer. Sebopeho sena se matla se bohlokoa ho nolofatseng pontšo ea lisele le puisano. Li-receptors, likanale tsa ion, le liprotheine tse ling tsa lipontšo li kentsoe ka har'a phospholipid bilayer 'me li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho lemoha matšoao a kantle le ho a fetisetsa ka hare ho sele.
Ho feta moo, litšobotsi tsa 'mele tsa phospholipids, joalo ka boteng ba tsona le bokhoni ba ho theha lipid rafts, li susumetsa tlhophiso le ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tsa membrane tse amehang ho bonts'a lisele. Boitšoaro bo matla ba phospholipids bo ama sebaka le ts'ebetso ea liprotheine tse bonts'ang, ka hona li ama ho nepahala le katleho ea litsela tsa matšoao.
Ho utloisisa kamano e teng lipakeng tsa phospholipids le sebopeho le tšebetso ea lera la sele ho na le litlamorao tse tebileng lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa bioloji, ho kenyelletsa le cellular homeostasis, nts'etsopele le mafu. Ho kopanngoa ha baeloji ea phospholipid le lipatlisiso tsa matšoao a lisele ho tsoela pele ho senola lintlha tsa bohlokoa mabapi le ho rarahana ha puisano ea lisele le ho fana ka tšepiso ea nts'etsopele ea maano a macha a kalafo.
III. Karolo ea Phospholipids ho Pontšo ea Lisele
A. Phospholipids e le Limolek'hule tse Suoang
Phospholipids, joalo ka likarolo tse hlahelletseng tsa membrane ea lisele, li hlahile e le limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa tse bontšang puisano ea lisele. Lihlopha tsa hlooho tsa hydrophilic tsa phospholipids, haholo-holo tse nang le inositol phosphates, li sebetsa e le manģosa a bohlokoa a bobeli litseleng tse fapaneng tsa lipontšo. Ka mohlala, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) e sebetsa e le molek'hule ea pontšo ka ho phunyeletsoa ho inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG) ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea extracellular. Limolek'hule tsena tse hlahisoang ke lipid li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola maemo a calcium a intracellular le ho kenya protheine kinase C, ka hona ho hlophisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea lisele ho kenyelletsa ho ata ha lisele, ho arohana le ho falla.
Ho feta moo, li-phospholipids tse kang phosphatidic acid (PA) le lysophospholipids li 'nile tsa hlokomeloa e le limolek'hule tse bontšang ka ho toba likarabo tsa cellular ka ho sebelisana le lipakane tse itseng tsa protheine. Ka mohlala, PA e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng oa bohlokoa ho holeng ha lisele le ho ata ka ho kenya liprotheine tse bontšang lipontšo, ha lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) e ameha ho laola matla a cytoskeletal, ho phela ha lisele le ho falla. Likarolo tsena tse fapaneng tsa phospholipids li totobatsa bohlokoa ba tsona ho hlophiseng li-cascade tse rarahaneng tsa matšoao ka har'a lisele.
B. Ho Kenyelletsoa ha Phospholipids Litselang tsa Phetoho ea Matšoao
Ho kenya letsoho ha phospholipids litseleng tsa phetisetso ea mats'oao ho bontšoa ke karolo ea bona ea bohlokoa ho lokiseng ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kopantsoeng le membrane, haholo-holo G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Ha li-ligand li tlamella GPCRs, phospholipase C (PLC) e sebetsa, e lebisang ho hydrolysis ea PIP2 le moloko oa IP3 le DAG. IP3 e etsa hore khalsiamo e lokolloe mabenkeleng a intracellular, ha DAG e kenya protheine kinase C, e qetellang e le taolong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, kholo ea lisele le phetiso ea synaptic.
Ho feta moo, phosphoinositides, sehlopha sa phospholipids, e sebetsa e le libaka tsa boema-kepe bakeng sa lipontšo tsa liprotheine tse amehang litseleng tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tse laolang ho rekisoa ha membrane le actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Tšebelisano e matla pakeng tsa phosphoinositides le liprotheine tsa tsona tse sebelisanang li kenya letsoho taolong ea sebaka le ea nakoana ea liketsahalo tsa lipontšo, ka tsela eo e bōpa likarabo tsa cellular ho li-extracellular stimule.
Ho kenya letsoho ka mekhoa e mengata ea phospholipids ho lipontšo tsa lisele le litsela tsa ho fetisetsa lipontšo ho hatisa bohlokoa ba bona e le balaoli ba bohlokoa ba cellular homeostasis le mosebetsi.
IV. Phospholipids le Puisano ea Intracellular
A. Phospholipids in Intracellular Signaling
Phospholipids, sehlopha sa lipids se nang le sehlopha sa phosphate, se bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bonts'a matšoao a intracellular, ho hlophisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa cellular ka ho kenya letsoho ha bona ho bonts'a li-cascade. Mohlala o mong o hlahelletseng ke phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phospholipid e fumanehang lera la plasma. Ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea extracellular, PIP2 e phunyeletsoa ho inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG) ke enzyme phospholipase C (PLC). IP3 e etsa hore khalsiamo e lokolloe mabenkeleng a intracellular, ha DAG e kenya protheine kinase C, qetellong e laola mesebetsi e fapaneng ea lisele tse kang ho ata ha lisele, ho arohana, le ho hlophisa bocha cytoskeletal.
Ho feta moo, li-phospholipids tse ling, ho kenyelletsa phosphatidic acid (PA) le lysophospholipids, li bonts'itsoe e le tsa bohlokoa haholo ho bonts'a matšoao a intracellular. PA e kenya letsoho taolong ea kholo ea lisele le ho ata ha lisele ka ho sebetsa joalo ka sehlomathisi sa liprotheine tse fapaneng tsa lipontšo. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) e 'nile ea hlokomeloa ka ho kenya letsoho ha eona ho feto-fetoha ha lisele tsa bophelo, ho falla, le cytoskeletal dynamics. Liphuputso tsena li totobatsa likarolo tse fapaneng le tsa bohlokoa tsa phospholipids e le limolek'hule tse bontšang ka har'a sele.
B. Tšebelisano ea Phospholipids le Liprotheine le Li-Receptors
Phospholipids e boetse e sebelisana le liprotheine tse fapaneng le li-receptors ho fetola litsela tsa lipontšo tsa lisele. Haholo-holo, phosphoinositides, sehlopha sa phospholipids, e sebetsa e le sethala sa ho hira le ho kenya tšebetsong liprotheine tsa matšoao. Mohlala, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) e sebetsa e le taolo ea bohlokoa ea kholo ea lisele le ho ata ka ho hira liprotheine tse nang le likarolo tsa pleckstrin homology (PH) ho membrane ea plasma, ka hona e qala liketsahalo tsa matšoao a tlase. Ho feta moo, kamano e matla ea phospholipids e nang le lipontšo tsa liprotheine le li-receptors e lumella taolo e nepahetseng ea sebaka sa liketsahalo tsa lipontšo ka har'a sele.
Litšebelisano tse ngata tsa phospholipids le liprotheine le li-receptor li totobatsa karolo ea bona ea bohlokoa ho feto-fetoheng ha litsela tsa lipontšo tsa intracellular, qetellong li kenya letsoho taolong ea mesebetsi ea lisele.
V. Regulation of Phospholipids in Cell Signaling
A. Li-Enzyme le Litsela Tse Kenyellelitsoeng Phospholipid Metabolism
Phospholipids li laoloa ka matla ka marang-rang a rarahaneng a li-enzyme le litsela, tse susumetsang bongata ba tsona le ts'ebetso ea tsona ho bontša lisele. E 'ngoe ea litsela tse joalo e kenyelletsa motsoako le phetoho ea phosphatidylinositol (PI) le lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa phosphorylated, tse tsejoang e le phosphoinositides. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases le phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases ke li-enzyme tse susumetsang phosphorylation ea PI maemong a D4 le D5, ho hlahisa phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) le phosphatidylinosi-phosphate (Plysitol phosphate) Plysitol (Plysitol 4, Plysitol 2). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phosphatase, joalo ka phosphatase le tensin homolog (PTEN), dephosphorylate phosphoinositides, e laolang maemo a bona le phello ea pontšo ea cellular.
Ho feta moo, de novo synthesis ea phospholipids, haholo-holo phosphatidic acid (PA), e kopanngoa ke li-enzyme tse kang phospholipase D le diacylglycerol kinase, ha ho senyeha ha tsona ho hlahisoa ke phospholipases, ho akarelletsa le phospholipase A2 le phospholipase C. Mehato ena ea enzymatic ea ho laola ka kopanelo. bioactive lipid mediators, e amang lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa ho bonts'a lisele le ho kenya letsoho ho lokisoeng ha cellular homeostasis.
B. Tšusumetso ea Phospholipid Regulation Mekhoeng ea Matšoao a Lisele
Taolo ea phospholipids e na le litlamorao tse kholo lits'ebetsong tsa ho bonts'a lisele ka ho hlophisa mesebetsi ea limolek'hule tsa bohlokoa tsa lipontšo le litsela. Ka mohlala, phetoho ea PIP2 ka phospholipase C e hlahisa inositol trisphosphate (IP3) le diacylglycerol (DAG), e lebisang ho lokolloa ha intracellular calcium le ts'ebetso ea protheine kinase C, ka ho latellana. Letšoao lena le susumetsang likarabelo tsa cellular joalo ka neurotransmission, ho honyela ha mesifa le ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa 'mele.
Ho feta moo, liphetoho maemong a phosphoinositides li ama ho hiroa le ho kenya tšebetsong liprotheine tse sebetsang tse nang le libaka tse tlamang lipid, tse amang lits'ebetso tse kang endocytosis, cytoskeletal dynamics, le cell migration. Ntle le moo, taolo ea maemo a PA ka phospholipases le phosphatase e susumetsa khoebo ea membrane, kholo ea lisele, le litsela tsa matšoao a lipid.
Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa phospholipid metabolism le pontšo ea lisele e totobatsa bohlokoa ba taolo ea phospholipid ho boloka tšebetso ea cellular le ho arabela tšusumetsong ea extracellular.
VI. Qetello
A. Kakaretso ea Mesebetsi ea Bohlokoa ea Phospholipids ho Pontšo ea Lisele le Puisano
Ka kakaretso, phospholipids e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlophiseng lipontšo tsa lisele le lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka har'a litsamaiso tsa tlhaho. Phapang ea bona ea sebopeho le ts'ebetso e ba nolofalletsa ho sebetsa e le balaoli ba feto-fetohang ba likarabo tsa cellular, ka likarolo tsa bohlokoa tse kenyeletsang:
Mokhatlo oa Membrane:
Li-phospholipids li theha motheo oa ho haha membrane ea lisele, ho theha moralo oa moralo oa ho arohana ha likarolo tsa lisele le ho kenya liprotheine tsa matšoao. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho hlahisa li-microdomain tsa lipid, joalo ka lipid rafts, bo susumetsa mokhatlo oa sebaka sa mehala ea lipontšo le tšebelisano ea bona, e amang ho nepahala le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng.
Phetolelo ea Letšoao:
Li-phospholipids li sebetsa e le li-intermediaries tse ka sehloohong phetisong ea matšoao a kantle ho lisele ho likarabelo tsa intracellular. Phosphoinositides e sebetsa e le limolek'hule tse tšoaeang, li fetola mesebetsi ea liprotheine tse fapaneng tse sebetsang, ha mafura a mafura a mahala le li-lysophospholipids li sebetsa joalo ka manģosa a bobeli, a susumetsang ts'ebetso ea matšoao a cascades le liphatsa tsa lefutso.
Ho Fetola Matšoao a Mehala:
Li-phospholipids li kenya letsoho taolong ea litsela tse fapaneng tsa lipontšo, li laola lits'ebetso tse joalo ka ho ata ha lisele, karohano, apoptosis le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Ho kenya letsoho ha bona tlhahisong ea li-bioactive lipid mediators, ho kenyeletsoa li-eicosanoids le sphingolipids, ho boetse ho bonts'a tšusumetso ea bona ho marang-rang a ho ruruha, a metabolic le a apoptotic.
Puisano ea Intercellular:
Phospholipids e boetse e kenya letsoho puisanong ea li-intercellular ka ho lokolloa ha li-mediator tsa lipid, tse kang prostaglandins le leukotrienes, tse laolang mesebetsi ea lisele tsa boahelani le lisele, ho laola ho ruruha, maikutlo a bohloko le ho sebetsa ha methapo ea mali.
Menehelo e mengata ea phospholipid ho pontšo ea lisele le puisano e totobatsa bohlokoa ba bona ba ho boloka homeostasis ea lisele le ho hokahanya likarabo tsa 'mele.
B. Litaelo tsa Nakong e Tlang bakeng sa Lipatlisiso ka Phospholipids ka Matšoao a Lisele
Ha likarolo tse rarahaneng tsa phospholipids pontsong ea lisele li ntse li tsoela pele ho senoloa, ho hlaha mekhoa e mengata e khahlisang ea lipatlisiso tsa kamoso, ho kenyelletsa:
Mekhoa e fapaneng ea mekhoa e fapaneng:
Ho kopanngoa ha mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho hlahloba, e kang lipidomics, e nang le biology ea molek'hule le ea cellular e tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea matla a sebaka le a nakoana a phospholipids mekhoeng ea lipontšo. Ho lekola phapano lipakeng tsa lipid metabolism, ho rekisoa ha membrane, le lipontšo tsa cellular ho tla senola mekhoa e mecha ea taolo le lipheo tsa kalafo.
Melemo ea Biology ea Sistimi:
Mekhoa e metle ea litsamaiso tsa baeloji, ho kenyeletsoa mohlala oa lipalo le tlhahlobo ea marang-rang, e tla thusa ho hlakisa phello ea lefats'e ea phospholipids marang-rang a lipontšo tsa cellular. Ho etsa mohlala oa litšebelisano lipakeng tsa phospholipids, li-enzyme, le litlamorao tsa lipontšo ho tla hlakisa thepa e hlahang le mekhoa ea maikutlo e laolang taolo ea tsela ea matšoao.
Liphello tsa Phekolo:
Ho batlisisa ka ho senyeha ha phospholipids mafung, joalo ka mofetše, mafu a neurodegenerative, le metabolic syndromes, ho fana ka monyetla oa ho nts'etsapele liphekolo tse lebisitsoeng. Ho utloisisa likarolo tsa phospholipids tsoelo-peleng ea mafu le ho tseba mekhoa e mecha ea ho fetola mesebetsi ea bona ho na le ts'episo ea mekhoa e nepahetseng ea bongaka.
Qetellong, tsebo e ntseng e atoloha ea phospholipids le ho kenya letsoho ha tsona ka mokhoa o rarahaneng ho bonts'a liselefouno le puisano e fana ka moeli o tsotehang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea phetolelo mafapheng a fapaneng a lipatlisiso tsa biomedical.
Litšupiso:
Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: lipids tse nyane tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo taolong ea lisele. Maikutlo a Fisioloji, 93(3), 1019-1137.
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Balla, T. (2013). Phosphoinositides: lipids tse nyane tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo taolong ea lisele. Maikutlo a Fisioloji, 93(3), 1019-1137.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Biology ea Limolek'hule ea Sele (6th ed.). Garland Science.
Simons, K., & Vaz, WL (2004). Sistimi ea mohlala, lipid rafts, le membrane ea lisele. Tlhahlobo ea Selemo le Selemo ea Biophysics le Biomolecular Structure, 33, 269-295.
Nako ea poso: Dec-29-2023
